Stricter Penalties on First-Time Drunk Driving Offenders Essay Example for Free

Stricter Penalties on First-Time Drunk Driving Offenders Essay As indicated by an investigation done by Mothers Against Drunk Driving, one out of three Americans will be in a mishap including an alcoholic driver during their lifetime (Phong). Something should be done to address this issue thinking about the recurrence of these mishaps, the casualty of a considerable lot of these mishaps, and the openness of liquor in today’s culture. An expansion in punishments for first time guilty parties could altogether bring down this measurement by urging drivers to not rehash their offense. Naturally, a few people commit errors and can address them after their first offense. In any case, a bigger number of individuals rehash this offense and are discovered driving impaired or inebriated after their first offense. Stricter punishments and disciplines ought to be set up for first time guilty parties in light of the fact that most drivers are slanted to rehash their offense, intoxicated drivers sway others, and the ebb and flow laws are insufficient. Stricter punishments should be set up to show drivers the significance of driving calm. First time guilty parties are unbelievably prone to drive tanked again essentially in light of the fact that they want to pull off it. As indicated by different examinations, first-time alcoholic driving wrongdoers are out and about somewhere in the range of 88 to multiple times before they are trapped in the demonstration of driving alcoholic (Mejeur). To alcoholic drivers, it merits driving alcoholic and risking getting captured in light of the fact that they accept the odds of them getting captured are near none. This mentality should be changed totally. Inebriated drivers need to comprehend that it does not merit the danger of driving impaired. When choosing whether or not to take off impaired, the disciplines need to out gauge the advantages of driving inebriated in the drivers’ mind. Mejeur uncovers in another article that â€Å"5% of liquor related deadly crashes included drivers with more that 5 past DWI (driving while inebriated) arrests† (9). This implies their initial five captures for driving impaired didn't dissuade them. Stricter punishments will urge drivers to decide not to rehash their activities. At last, â€Å"39% of the country’s alcoholic driving cases included second time wrongdoers, and 11% included third and fourth time offenders† (Phong). Considerably subsequent to being indicted for an alcoholic driving charge, half of these drivers decided to drive on the streets alcoholic, imperiling a large number of individuals. Obviously the lawful framework isn't productive in disheartening tanked driving after a driver’s first offense. This fair shows most first-time alcoholic driving wrongdoers decide to drive affected by liquor on different occasions before getting captured, and much after, they decide to proceed with this unfathomably risky conduct. Stricter punishments will dissuade drivers from getting in the driver's seat impaired. Since the activities of alcoholic drivers influence themselves, yet they likewise influence others, there should be increasingly extreme disciplines for alcoholic drivers. In only 2004, 320 individuals were executed by alcoholic drivers consistently, which is â€Å"roughly what could be compared to a week after week plane accident murdering everybody ready. On the off chance that that were the situation, nobody would fly and people in general would request change† (Savage). Numerous individuals are murdered by alcoholic drivers, however people in general has gotten so acquainted with catching wind of alcoholic driving mishaps, that no ones looks to change this, since it has become the standard. In all actuality the quantity of individuals murdered by alcoholic drivers has expanded from that point forward, yet there has been little change. At the point when an alcoholic driver takes a person’s life, that person’s family should live with that choice the alcoholic driver made to get in the driver's seat, for a mind-blowing remainder. At the point when drivers drive under the influence, they put a great many individuals in harm's way. Their activities arrive at much dad than they even figure it out. Of youngsters ages 14 and under who kicked the bucket in an auto collision a year ago, in 16% of these mishaps had liquor as a factor (Messenger 2). These are blameless kids who get themselves either in the vehicle with an alcoholic driver, or the casualty of a mishap with another alcoholic driver. On the off chance that punishments were more grounded for first time wrongdoers, the quantity of honest kids whose lives are taken would drop. There are such a significant number of pitiful accounts of individuals loosing friends and family to the helpless decisions of alcoholic drivers. In a story distributed by The Washington Post, Michael Pangle was captured in 2002 for alcoholic driving and was discharged to the guardianship of a companion that equivalent night. His companion drove him to his vehicle where he went to another bar, got in the driver's seat, and got into a mishap executing himself and another driver; a dad of three on his way home (Phong 3). In addition to the fact that Pangle lost his life, however he likewise ended the life of a dad of three; a spouse to their mom. The family should live with this misfortune an amazing remainder. The activities of alcoholic drivers can influence honest individuals for a mind-blowing remainder. Laws should be made to attempt to forestall this reckless conduct. The last motivation to implement stricter punishments is that the punishments set up now have practically zero effect on the drivers and frequently neglect to do any equity. Pam Louwagie found that ? of drivers pulled over by a cop decay to calmly inhale test which brings about a suspended permit. Bombing the test implies losing your permit, confronting an alcoholic driving conviction, fines, and conceivably prison time. Drivers’ accident coverage bounces, employments can be in peril since they currently have an earlier offense on their record (3). The decision is clear for a driver pulled over that has been blamed for tanked driving. The punishments for rejecting the test are much less extreme than stepping through the examination and coming up short. As indicated by discoveries by Joe Mahr, â€Å"When drivers won't take a breathalyzer test, the law permits them to offer the one-year suspension in common court. Yet, most investigators deal away the suspensions as a component of supplication bargains in criminal DWI cases. The final product: Defendants confess to alcoholic driving and don’t miss one day of driving† (2). It is apparent that flushed drivers have discovered a route around the legitimate framework. It ought not be that simple for alcoholic drivers to get off a charge and be permitted to keep driving on the streets. Considerably in the wake of putting such huge numbers of individuals at serious risk, including themselves. Stricter punishments are a need. Another shortcoming of the legitimate framework is at the preliminary and condemning stage. On the off chance that guilty parties don't appear for a preliminary, a warrant is given. Be that as it may, individuals on warrants are once in a while found except if they are engaged with another wrongdoing (Mahr 2). They can possibly stay away from indictment uncertainly. Numerous wrongdoers realize how to function the framework for their potential benefit. The legitimate projection and disciplines of alcoholic drivers should be reconsidered. Too many alcoholic drivers escape being sentenced for DWIs or DUIs and can keep on driving alcoholic, jeopardizing numerous individuals. Since most alcoholic drivers are slanted to rehash their offense, the activities of alcoholic drivers influence on others, and ebb and flow laws are inadequate, stricter disciplines should be set up. The quantity of fatalities because of alcoholic driving is possibly going to increment if no move is made, making torment a great many individuals. This reckless demonstration should be tended to on the grounds that alcoholic drivers keep on getting in the driver's seat ordinarily with no respect for the law or those they put in harm's way. By requesting change and empowering stricter disciplines for first time alcoholic driving guilty parties, the quantity of fatalities will diminish and alcoholic driving will turn out to be to a lesser degree an issue the whole way across the country.

Economics article commentary: June Harvest to Reduce inflation Essay

Swelling alludes to a tenacious ascent in the general value level in a given timeframe normally one year. There are two principle kinds of swelling to be specific, request pull expansion and cost push. Request pull expansion is brought about by raising total interest that pulls up costs in the economy. There are a few factors that cause this kind of swelling, for instance, when government decreases personal assessment leaving shoppers with progressively expendable livelihoods to spend. Notwithstanding, most definitely it is essentially cost push swelling that is of significant concern. Cost push swelling is brought about by increasing expenses of creation that powers makers to expand costs of the last items. High food costs have been the principle driver of expansion because of the dry spell that hit the nation early a year ago. Horticulture relies upon common factors outside human ability to control, for example, climate. A dry season will cause deficiencies that will bring about raising costs as appeared in the outline beneath. Figure 1 DD and S1S1 are the first interest and flexibly bend individually. A dry season will cause a deficiency that will make the gracefully bend to move to one side, that is, to S2S2 and cost to ascend from P1 to P2 as amount diminishes from Q1 to Q2. At the point when the dry spell influences most pieces of the nation at that point total flexibly of food will fall. This definitely makes food costs to rise. Moreover, the article says that the ascent in expansion has additionally been because of increment in universal unrefined petroleum costs that have come about into increments in the siphon costs of fuel. Fuel is a significant segment in the creation procedure thus any expansion in its cost will build creation costs. Thusly, there would be a miss the mark run total flexibly as appeared in the chart underneath. Figure 2 Promotion and SRAS1 are the total interest and short-run total flexibly bends separately. An ascent in cost of creation move the SRAS bend to one side that is, to SRAS2 normal cost increments from P1 to P2. Despite the fact that swelling benefits dealers as far as expanded income, in general, it has a few unfavorable impacts. A portion of these incorporate diminishing the expectation for everyday comforts of particularly fixed pay workers, for example, retired people and salaried laborers. This is particularly since the article makes reference to that ‘the typical cost for basic items has been on an upward pattern following increments in expansion that came to 14.1%’. So anything that can assist with diminishing swelling is an invite move. The title of this article â€Å"June Harvest to diminish inflation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows that alleviation is in transit. Diminishing Inflation implies that costs will fall making basic wares reasonable by most by far of the purchasers. In any case, before the collect brings the alleviation the legislature has various strategies available to its that it might use to battle expansion. Government could utilize money related and financial arrangements. For example on account of monetary strategies the administration could build personal expense to lessen discretionary cashflow of shoppers. This assists with lessening total interest thus settles costs. The issue with this arrangement is that it makes the legislature disagreeable among the voters electorate. Besides, it might serve to exacerbate the joblessness issue and may likewise through down the financial development over the long haul. Government could likewise utilize the flexibly side approaches. These are arrangements that are utilized by government to expand the flexibly capability of the economy. For instance, the legislature could cancel the lowest pay permitted by law laws. This would make it modest to utilize laborers however would likewise diminish absolute expense of creation. Its weakness is that laborers will undoubtedly be abused by their managers. Taking everything into account, legislature of Uganda should set up a component to forestall future lack of food by working cradle stock plans. Furthermore, albeit such plans have issue, for example, cost of deficiency, however their reality assists with facilitating deficiencies of groceries brought about by flighty atmosphere changes. All things considered, ‘prevention is better than cure’. This is significant likewise in light of the fact that the legislature of Uganda has no influence over the global raw petroleum costs.

Fundamental Problems with the Catholic Church in 15th Century and How Martin Luther Faced Them

Question: What was Luther’s crucial strict issue with the Catholic Church? Follow the advancement of this issue and why Luther unraveled it. Among the numerous issues Luther brought up in the Catholic Church in his 95 proposals, the one he had the most issue with was the issue of salvation and the selling of indulgencies. At that point, the tenet of the congregation expressed that the individuals who didn't get a submersion would invest energy in limbo for their wrongdoings. The Church said that acknowledgment of Jesus removed the fault of the transgression however didn't clear the wrongdoings totally in view of the way that the individuals were heathens. This was noteworthy in light of the fact that the congregation was selling guilty pleasures. The Catholic Church once offered guilty pleasures to individuals who might battle in the Holy Wars to be pardoned of their transgressions. In any case, this time, the Church offered guilty pleasures to adherents at a specific cost with the goal that purchasers would be pardoned of past and future sins. As indicated by Luther, this was mysteriously gone in the Holy Bible. Luther lectured self ethics and on the acknowledgment of Jesus and complete compliance as the genuine method to arrive at paradise as expressed in the Bible. This flood of extravagance purchasing and selling by the individuals around Luther aggravated him continually. In his messages he underscored the genuine sacred texts in the Bible and not regulation as indicated by the supposed â€Å"Holy Church†. The Catholic Church was offering extravagances with an end goal to fund-raise for St. Subsides Basilica, which was under development in the Vatican during this period. It would be an expensive venture and in this way the Church required a way to pay for it and their answer was to sell extravagances at a money related cost. This irritated Luther since it supported that individuals could truly purchase their way into paradise without really tolerating Jesus as it states in the Bible. A man by the name of Johann Tetzel was selling the extravagances in Germany at Luther’s time and Luther argued to his adherents not to get them yet to just peruse the sacred writings and acknowledge Jesus. The offer of extravagances incredibly steamed Luther since he felt sure that individuals were everlastingly accursing themselves by depending on the guilty pleasures rather than the sacred writing. This drove Luther to compose his 95 postulations which shot the Catholic Church from an assortment of points on its approaches and the debates encompassing the Church. A portion of these incorporated the offer of guilty pleasures, the imperfections and mistakes in the Church’s regulation, and now and again the numbness by certain individuals from the pastorate to try and read the sacred writing. In one case, Luther even asked with regards to why the Pope demanded paying for St. Dwindles Basilica through the poor people’s cash as opposed to removing cash from his own pocket to pay for the new Church. Luther at that point nailed this rundown to a Church entryway in Germany, just like the convention, on the day after Halloween. From the outset, Pope Leo X didn't pay attention to Luther calling him â€Å"a alcoholic friar†, anyway when Luther’s 95 propositions started to spread around Germany like out of control fire with the assistance of Gutenberg’s print machine the Church paid heed. The 95 proposals picked up compassion in Europe on the grounds that numerous rulers were tired of the control over the Church over their territories and blamed this so as to split away from Catholic Church. Along these lines, numerous new Protestant religions, for example, antibaptism and Calvinism, started springing up as more individuals stood in opposition to the congregation. The church’s own endeavor to change was to a great extent ineffective and it basically pushed more believers in to Protestantism. At the Edict of Worms where Luther stood preliminary for blasphemy, Luther argue his case to the Church. The Church’s decision anyway was that exclusive who has unexpected perspectives in comparison to the a huge number of pastors before Luther must not be right. Luther was to be arrested, his books consumed, and conveyed to the Emperor. Luther, nonetheless, had the option to get away and stowed away for brief period before he came back to Wittenberg to manufacture another Church. The Catholic Church’s reluctance to change and it’s duration of its projects set up for the remainder of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. In spite of the fact that Luther’s genuine goals must be hypothesized, most students of history accept that at the Reformation’s beginning he had not planned to part from the Catholic Church. Around there, he fizzled. He couldn't just change the Church from within and tidy up its practices. Consequently, Luther’s answer for this issue was shockingly to part from the congregation alongside a huge number of others and to change the Catholic Church until the end of time.

Obesity in Children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Weight in Children - Research Paper Example As the conversation stressesâ morbidly hefty kids additionally experience the ill effects of enthusiastic trouble accordingly they create abundant dietary patterns and feel charmed in the event that they get all the eatables they wish for, in this manner building up an inclination to eat continually and still stay disappointed much subsequent to expending a huge full dinner. It is seen that kids devour low quality nourishment things and bites, containing high extent of fat, salt and sugar adding to the weight. The most loved food things for children of present age are frozen yogurts, soft drink, burgers, cheeseburgers, pizza, French fries made of potatoes wealthy in starch, milk shakes containing unreasonable sugar, chips, and confections. These food things are without filaments and are wealthy in fats and cholesterol. Rather than expending crude vegetables and organic products offspring of the current period like to decide on juice with sugar, as filaments are being stressed out fr om these juices they are without giving sustenance that could go about as roughage. This paper talks about thatâ the way of life and timetable likewise makes ready for terrible dietary patterns. Working guardians get brief period for their kids to prepare them for growing great dietary patterns. Guardians allow for going to the children and examining with them their issues and concerns, their preferences and dislikes. Working mother only sometimes gets time to prepare nourishment for their children and in this manner constraining the children to settle on the readymade food stuff accessible in the market.

Tribunal Hearing Of Gray John Davies Case â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Tribunal Hearing Of Gray John Davies Case? Answer: Introducation The ongoing disciplinary activity to be attempted by The Disciplinary Tribunal of Australia and New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants was what included Gray John Davies. This was after the Professional Conduct Committee documented an application that planned for suspending Gray by virtue of abusing customer's assets. According to the examination, the court heard that the blamed party submitted wrongdoings in spite of the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants Act 1996:among the points of interest of which the Accused of liable of are;1.He acted mischievously in an expert capacity,2.That his behaviors were unbecoming for accountant.3.That his carelessness in an expert limit would in general carry offensiveness to the bookkeeping proficient body.4.Upon being called upon to react to a portion of the charges leveled against him by the organization, he neglected to react quickly and finally that he penetrated the guidelines and the establishment's code of behaviors. In points of interest somewhere in the range of 2012 and 2015 Gray permitted installments adding up to $3,500 that had a place with his customer to be made to an outsider without Alerting his customer concerning every installment, getting authority from his customer to make installments, recording any authorization conceded by the client and thusly all these added up to the negation of the Fundamental Principles of Integrity and Quality Performance. Moreover, it was presented that Gray had not reimbursed the sum owed by the outsider to his customer in spite of Gray's guarantee such that and in this way he was in break of the Professional Behavior of the Code of Ethics (2014).It was additionally held that Gray neglected to take due consideration and steadiness to give bookkeeping administrations to his customer, for example, neglecting to set up the yearly budget report for his customer in a period and inability to record the 2015 assessment form. Dark additionally fail to react so as to the correspondence from the Professional Conduct Committee and as such he was in penetrate of Rules 13.2 section 130.4 of the Codes of Ethics(2014). Ultimately, he neglected to go to the last decision hearing when he was required to do as such and along these lines he was in break of Rule 13.3(d).Thus in the perspective on the above claims leveled against Gray and the ensuing affirmation that they were in fact evident, the Institute of Chartered Accountants thought that it was adequate grounds to suspend Gray John Davie to secure the notoriety of the bookkeeping calling. Motivation behind why Professional Bodies Publish Their Decisions It has gotten fundamental for proficient associations to settle on their choice open and discharge them.This is on the grounds that expert bodies are at the center of any general public in guaranteeing the making of a general public established on trust and great qualities. The certainty that individual from the open credit to the expert bodies is gigantic on the grounds that it fills in as a guard dog and body which the customers go to in the occasion its individuals treats the clients unjustifiably during execution of their obligations (Ikosa, M.M., 2013 ). Because of improved trust, this prompts the decrease in vulnerabilities and exchange cost. There at whatever point the individuals that have a place with these expert bodies act in a way that isn't reasonable for their customers, it is officeholder upon the concerned proficient body to take the significant proportions of examining the unbecoming practices executed by its individuals to shield the body from general society and th eir customer disreputation.It is basic that once a part is gotten to have been engaged with specific misbehaviors, the procedures on how this case is handled ought to be kept open and the last move was made against the guilty party be distributed on the stages that is promptly accessible to people in general. By so doing the casualties of such acts of neglect will welcome that for sure equity has won and this will guarantee the congruity of certainty that such an expert body should order. The production of the choice by the expert bodies additionally targets sending an admonition to its individual from the open unsavoriness that anticipates them in the event that the demonstration in a way that is unscrupulous. By so doing it gives the individuals some awareness of other's expectations as their notoriety is on the line when undertaking their obligation. It ought to be officeholder upon the expert bodies to direct and advance their particular proffesion.For occurrence, The General Os teopathic Council (GOsC) has a compulsory duty to ensure people in general by creating and advancing the osteopathic calling (Council, G.S.C., 2010). End Subsequently the requirement for proficient bodies to distribute their choice depends on their promise to keeping up the straightforwardness and responsibility and to give the capability that is trusted and that stay open to people. These assistance these expert bodies to go about as pacesetter and pioneer in issues of administration and moral issues subsequently setting principles and arraigning the individuals who repudiate those said norm. Reference Simonet, D., 2016. Changing the French social insurance framework: the journey for responsibility. Worldwide Review of Administrative Sciences, p.0020852316648226. Forrer, J., Kee, J.E., Newcomer, K.E. also, Boyer, E., 2010. Publicprivate organizations and the open responsibility question. Open Administration Review, 70(3), pp.475-484. Board, G.S.C., 2010. Code of training. General Osteopathic Council,[Online]. Accessible at: https://www. Osteopathy. organization. UK/transfers/code_of_practice. pdf. Gotten to, 7. Bovens, M.A., 2008. Investigating and Assessing Public Accountability. A Conceptual Framework. European Governance Papers (EUROGOV). Dubnick, M., 2009. Responsibility and the guarantee of execution: looking for the components. Open Performance Management Review, 28(3), pp.376-417 Ikosa, M.M., 2013. The chose view of advertising specialists about the Public Relations Institute of Southern Africa (PRISA) Namibia (Doctoral thesis).

What Are The Core Skills Every Entrepreneur Needs To Establish

What Are The Core Skills Every Entrepreneur Needs To Establish Success in the business world is not just about having a great business idea or an even better product to sell. Things like this may guarantee success however, whether the success extends to the long term depends on certain core skills. An entrepreneur may naturally possess some of these skills. With respect to the other essential skills, an entrepreneur is expected to cultivate them in himself. Once cultivated or learnt, the skills may have to be re-learnt or adapted to changing business environments to keep the entrepreneur from lagging behind in the rat race. © Shutterstock.com | Fabryczka FotografiiThis article talks about 1) 16 core skills entrepreneurs need to develop to become successful, and 2) how to develop these core skills.16 CORE SKILLS TO BECOME SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURPractical Skills1. Decision MakingThis is one of the most important skills an entrepreneur requires if he wants his business venture to meet with success. Starting with choosing the right business model to enter into, this business owner must be adept at taking quick, smart decisions in areas such as funding, marketing, potential projects and vendor selection. Sometimes the decisions taken may be wrong, but learning from past mistakes is the key to taking better decisions in future.2.  Coming up with ideas and business objectivesIt goes without saying that an entrepreneur needs to come up with an ingenuous business idea to start a business. Creativity and inventivity will help him with this as it will to come up with fresh processes, methods, services and product s and most importantly, solutions that offer greater value to stakeholders and also satisfy new requirements. In addition, a business is worthless if it has no goals to drive it forward towards progress. Goals are typically realistic and specific and come with a time component which the business or firm will try to hold fast to.3.  Planning The ability to look down the road and come up with a plan to achieve business targets is a sure recipe for victory as an entrepreneur. This is because a business plan devised right at the start would force the entrepreneur to reflect on and prepare for critical problems that may come up in future. Time set aside for planning each year makes one better equipped to adjust to changing market situations. It must be kept in mind that planning only becomes effective when it is supported by action.4. MultitaskingFor the owner of a startup or small business, frequent distractions are to be expected that can make it difficult to concentrate. Effective mul titasking in the face of interruptions can help to boost productivity by ensuring more work gets completed in less time. In addition, it provides a feeling of order and control.5.  Courage to take risksAs Jack Canfield said so correctly, “Everything you want is on the other side of fear”. An entrepreneur must be willing to risk his financial and business security and reputation to take a risk that just might give his business immense rewards. If it doesn’t work out, the entrepreneur still gains from the wisdom of what he learnt from his mistake. To minimize the chances of failure from taking a risk, it is advisable to compare the pros and cons. Calculated risks would ensure a greater chance of success than failure.6.  Self-motivationTriumphant entrepreneurs motivate themselves to just keep working everyday without wasting time and to keep going even in the face of challenges. They don’t have to depend on anyone to compel them to be productive. The reality is they can’t rea lly afford to give up or slack.7.  Conducting market researchWhen done correctly, market research can help entrepreneurs or business owners gain information to recognize and define marketing opportunities and issues, create, refine and assess marketing actions, observe how marketing performance is progressing and enhance the comprehension of marketing as a process. Market research should ideally cover at least the following aspects:Industry: main competition, trends, sales figures, growth ratesIdeal customers: geographic locations, demographics and typical profileCompetition: a look at the pros and cons of their operations8.  Problem solvingEntrepreneurs need to develop the skills to come up with sensible solutions to problems that may crop up in their business. In fact, good entrepreneurs know that problems are to be expected. When these issues do arise, the entrepreneurs may do well to calmly try to comprehend the issues and the reason(s) for their development followed by explorat ion of possible options, solutions and outcomes. As and when a particular problem is resolved, the entrepreneur can see it as one step forward in the path towards success.People Skills9.  LeadershipIn simple terms, leadership may be defined as an activity involving the leading of an organization or a group of people towards the achievement of a shared goal, or the capability to do this. A leader needs to be able to come up with the right decisions or plan of action which is the best for all who come into the picture â€" clients, shareholders, employees and so on. He should be able to identify what would affect the company’s bottom line. He should also know when to opt for profit and when to sacrifice it in favor of long-term values.10. NegotiationNegotiation is a very powerful skill. Successful negotiation can help an entrepreneur clinch deals that may otherwise slip through his fingers, settle small differences before they turn into costly disputes, and develop and capture maximu m value in agreements reached. A good example for the last point is this: When opportunities come up, entrepreneurs should be able to successfully negotiate for higher prices when selling, and for lower prices when buying.11.  CommunicationDecision making, planning and negotiation all require communication skills to be effective. So the advice to entrepreneurs would be to never underestimate the importance of communication (verbal and non-verbal). Communication proficiency enables skillful and effective transmission of words to business investors, staff and customers.12. ListeningEntrepreneurs must master the art of listening. It is essential to be able to correctly listen and comprehend the actual meaning of what people are and aren’t saying. Listening can help entrepreneurs understand their employees better and gain from their input. It also helps entrepreneurs leverage the experience and expertise of the people around.Technical Skills13.  Inbox managementThe email inbox can cau se a lot of time wasting if not managed properly. One can only imagine how difficult it would be to locate an important email when the inbox is loaded with messages which haven’t even been properly organized.14.  Fundamentals of web design and developmentThe appearance and feel of the company’s website is frequently the first impression a potential client gets of the entrepreneur’s business. Even if there are web designers/developers to look after the job of design and development, a basic knowledge of HTML, CSS and web design tools/software will help the entrepreneur play an active part in the process. One of the many things he will be able to do is determine which typefaces or colors would present the best image of his company.15.  How to use your own computerThe computer is a fundamental tool for the entrepreneur’s daily business life. Familiarity with one’s desktop or laptop, knowledge of its basic functions, how to make the best use of it and some troubleshooting woul d be of great benefit.16.  WireframingKnowledge of how to wireframe a page is very useful when it comes to technology development. A website wireframe, known by alternative terms such as a screen blueprint or page schematic, is a visual guide that signifies the skeletal structure of a website.HOW TO DEVELOP THESE CORE SKILLS1.  Decision MakingHere are a few ways to become a better decision maker:Narrow the options. When there are fewer options, it becomes easier to make a choice or come to a decision.Compare the pros and cons.Welcome mistakes and errors, don’t fear them. If you make a wrong decision once, you gain from having been able to learn from it.Focus on the really important decisions and don’t waste time and attention for decisions that aren’t really critical.2.  Coming up with ideas and business objectivesEntrepreneurs need to think creatively and quickly to come up with new business ideas. Here are smart ways to get the mind to generate ideas.Come out of the comfort zone. For example try reading a magazine you never thought of reading or try going to work through a different route.Change hats â€" This is about imagining oneself switching among different hats so as to be able to see things from different perspectives. It causes a change of current thinking patterns for the better.Goals and objectives provide the road map for the future success of a business. A good way for the entrepreneur to start coming up with business objectives is to refer to the company’s mission statement. Key phrases from this statement can help to delineate key goals which in turn lead to the identification of specific business objectives.3.  Planning“If you fail to plan, you are by default planning to fail.” â€" Benjamin FranklinSome methods to effectively plan are:Planning work can ideally be carried out on paper so as not to miss out on any important thought-out ideas.Key words relevant to the project should be put down on paper. These will help to frame the p lan.The first 10 minutes of each day may be utilized to review or plan the plan for the day.It would be wise to foresee problems that may come up in the project owing to material, people or mechanical failures. Deliberate efforts should be made to provide contingency plans and preventive actions in vital high-risk situations.Stop Procrastinating and Improve Your Planning Skills 4.  Multi-taskingIt is possible to maximize the work efficiency from multi-tasking by doing things such as the following:A to-do list can be created with the items on it ranked by priorityThe bundling of related tasks. This makes it easier to multitask because this makes it easier for the brain to adjust to the different tasks5.  Courage to take risksAny entrepreneur can learn to be an effective risk-taker if he isn’t already one. Here are some strategies that would help:Begin with small decisions: One can start with taking incremental risks and once confidence is gained for them, bigger risks can be attemp ted.No exaggeration of worst case scenarios: Worst-case scenarios are frequently less likely to happen than what would happen as a result of inaction. So, it would be smart to give room for a reasonable degree of vulnerability to encourage courage and progress.6.  Self-motivationHere are some ways an entrepreneurs can power up his motivation:An entrepreneur should think about how his employees’ economic future would suffer if he did not take up his responsibilities seriously.An entrepreneur should think back to the days of how life was working as an employee. This will give him enough motivation to put in his best as an entrepreneur.The visualization of what success would eventually look like is a great trigger for motivation.7.  Conducting market researchThe fundamentals of market research can be divided into three steps:Step #1: Determining the official government sources of industry and market data: The government provides immense information and data pertaining to industries, businesses and economic conditions that would be helpful for carrying out market research.Step #2: Looking for additional sources that would help with analysis â€" This includes trade groups, academic institutions, business magazines or other third parties that may have collected and assessed data relating to research trends. Database and internet searches can help to get valuable information about competitors and customers.Step #3: Determining potential global markets for the company’s goods or services. Links such as the following would help for businesses based in the U.S.: Market Research Guide for Exporters, BuyUSA.gov, Country Market Research8.  Problem-solvingThe following tips will help to come up with quick and creative solutions to problems:An entrepreneur should not stop with defining the problem and hurdles to solve the problem.  An entrepreneur should also orient in terms of recognizing the existence of a problem, as well as the existence of a possible solution.Improv ing on solutions to past problems just might offer the solution to a present problem.It is advisable to put down whatever possible solutions come to the mind instead of rejecting them as and when they come just because they appear stupid. Listing more options can actually help in finding something that’s practical.People Skills9.  LeadershipA good leader can get maximum efficiency from his employees which contributes to efficient running of the business. Here are two ways by which an entrepreneur can become a better leader:Offering motivation: Entrepreneurs should help employees with building up confidence within themselves and discovering their strengths.Being open-minded: Entrepreneurs should welcome new suggestions and ideas from their employees. Good listening, asking questions and the quick execution of good ideas is a good-practice. Self-centeredness is not something that employees would appreciate.10.  NegotiationHere are some tips to become a better negotiator:Keep the goa ls high: Business research reveals that people with more aggressive (yet still practical) goals ultimately perform better in negotiations. An example for this would be trying for a 20 percent salary increase versus just a 5 percent one.Be fair: A good negotiator strives to negotiate in such a way that he can make his proposal seem fair to both parties. If the person being negotiated with feels the deal is fair, he won’t feel as though he is being taken advantage of and so, will be more inclined to agree to the proposal.Adopt open postures: Psychologists discovered that open and expansive postures give people a feeling of greater confidence and power during negotiations, interviews or other stressful situations compared to curled-in and closed positions which do just the opposite.Negotiation Skills: Become A Better Negotiator Part 1 (with Debra Stevens) 11.  Communication One of the ways for an entrepreneur to improve communication is to pay attention to the reactions of people to what he is saying (or has said). If the listener seems to have a puzzled look on his face, the entrepreneur can ask him if what he said made sense, giving him a chance to ask for clarification.12.  ListeningWays to improve one’s listening skills include:Maintaining the right body language: Eye contact, leaning slightly forward toward the speaker and a nod and smile whenever appropriate will make the speaker feel the listener is really interested and engaged.Don’t interrupt: The entrepreneur shouldn’t try to complete the person’s sentence or even otherwise interrupt whatever be the intention. This may appear rude or prevent the speaker from being fully able to convey his opinions or feelings.Clarify: Asking pertinent questions for clarification shows the speaker that the person he is talking to is sincerely paying attention and requires more information to make things clear.Technical Skills13.  Inbox managementIt is possible to minimize time-waste with the inbox by following tips such as these:The Right ToolsThese tools will come in handy:Folders: Folders and subfolders can be created for messages that have to be saved for future reference.Task list: Task-associated emails may be saved in a task list that would alert the entrepreneur when things are due.Archive feature: This facilitates automatic sending of old emails from the inbox to a different location but still a component of the email system.The 4 Point Strategy:Take action if the job can be finished off within a few minutesDelete a message that is of no importanceMove a message that would require more time to tackle to the task list and fix a suitable deadline for itDelegate action to be taken with respect to replying to the message, whenever appropriate14.  Fundamentals of web design and developmentThese fundamentals can be learnt by attending classes, searching for lessons online (free and paid), or just reading some current books. Paid resources for learning HTML and CSS include Treehouse and Lynda.com.15.  How to use your own computerInformation about this can be got from the internet or by attending classes.16.  WireframingThis link offers a good introduction â€" A Beginner’s Guide to Wireframing. For more advanced learning, there are many more resources on the web which the entrepreneur can check out. Again other options are to attend classes or to read current books that teach it.What is a Wireframe?Though these skills cannot be developed overnight, developing them would be truly worth the effort.

Kazuo Ishiguros Never Let Me Go The Societal Implications - Literature Essay Samples

Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro is a dystopian novel set in London, focusing on the lives of special humans called donors. These donors are actually human clones, who are raised in private schools until adulthood, when their vital organs can be used for transplants to normal humans with health issues. Not only is Ishiguros novel dystopian, its also uncanny, offering the revelation of what is private or hidden: that which should have stayed secret but has been revealed (Marks 341). The novel can be considered an uncanny one because bioethical alarm at the prospect of human cloning is clearly linked to a fear of the uncanny, in the sense that the clone constitutes a crisis of the proper and of the natural; a comingling of the familiar and the unfamiliar (Marks 341). The uncanny nature of the novel is significant because it creates a sense of discomfort for the reader; the emotional and moral implications of this discomfort force the reader out of his comfort zone. In Never Let Me Go, Ishiguro uses the genre of the uncanny to subtly criticize the modern-day class system and general ignorance of suffering. This is done with the use of a clones perspective to tell the narrative, the humanization of the clones, and the societal implications of the existence of the clones. Ishiguros use of Kathys perspective in Never Let Me Go allows for the readers to sympathize with the clones. The readers are introduced to the frame story with a greeting from older Kathy (Ishiguro 13), which puts the story into reference. Because Kathy is the central voice of the story, Ishiguro inherently grants significance to the clones perspective. This [has] the virtue of presenting the cloned life, however problematically, as an imagined and embedded social and psychological experience (Marks 333). Because the readers are faced with the reality of clone-living, they are forced to consider the depth of the implications of societal class, and likewise apply the implications to their own lives, in the real world. Further, Ishiguro has Kathy tell the story by [drawing] upon autobiographical conceits—that is, the memory of education. However [it] is an autobiography drained of its usual depth and acknowledgment of a fuller life outside of the textual boundaries fixated inste ad on what little experience the protagonist holds (Mcdonald 78). Not only is the story from the perspective of a clone, it is a telling of a clones life within a clone society. In fact, the storys scope is generally limited to the clone culture. Kathy discusses the social and romantic aspects of her life, but spends little time discussing the events of the world outside her private school, Hailsham. Her naivetà © of the world contrasts sharply with the harsh nature of her looming future: Youll become adults, then before youre even middle-aged, youll start to donate your vital organs. Thats what each of you was created to do (Ishiguro 364). Even when faced with this reality, her character avoids any discussion of tragedy or equality for most of the novel. This tugs at the sympathy of the reader, who sees the injustice objectively and thus reacts with appropriate anger. Overall, Kathy simply does not seem to recognize the full horror of what she is telling the reader: It is in this sense that Kathy H.s voice can appear uncanny, a term that captures the disturbing mixture of the familiar and the unfamiliar characteristic of nonhuman automata and doubles, to which Sigmund Freud first attributed the term (Marks 348). Kathys apparent apathy in regards to her tragic future creates discomfort for the reader, who wonders why the main character is breaking a binary and treating injustice with passivity. This breaking of the heroic protagonist archetype by an objectively likeable character allows for the reader to sympathize with the oppressed, but does not directly attack the position of the reader. Essentially, Ishiguro utilizes a theoretical world to make her protagonist universally likeable, no matter the background of the reader, and thus have a reader sympathetic to the plight of Kathy. Ishiguro further allows the reader to sympathize with the clones by humanizing them as a group. Kathy is kind and sensitive, as seen in her dealings with the bullied boy Tommy (Ishiguro 390-3). So, The reader is left to wonder why Kathy H. an otherwise apparently perceptive, sensitive individual, who clearly has a recognizable interior life (a soul) can accept her difference and her fate with such equanimity (Marks 348). Because the clones in the book show traits of normal humans- sensitivity, creativity- their sense of otherness is diminished. The possibility of a soul means the clones are no different than humans; it turns the act of donation into systematic genocide. Kindness is not the only proof of soul: the pupils from Hailsham cultivate the hope that they might be able to locate their possibles, in other words the individuals from whom they were originally cloned We, too, are copiers, and their vain search for possibles constitutes an affecting parallel with our own efforts to give narrative coherence to conventional biological kinship relations (Marks 349). Most of the clones hope for a sense of family; they want to feel like legitimate beings in a world which tells them they are unnatural. Loyalty and sense of family is a central motivator within biological beings. Because the clones are largely isolated from the outside world, this act of seeking relations is not a mimicking of normal humans. It is an inherent component of their sense of self. The society within the novel does not recognize this evidence, though. Within the society, The children (or captives) are described as special and gifted by their guardians (or wardens), and their murders are described as completions, a jarring reminder of their sole purpose in the eyes of society, and of the ways in which language can normalize atrocities deemed necessary in a given ideology (Mcdonald 78). The society within the novel uses language as a barrier between themselves and their immoral activity. I n the novel, special carries the implication that the clones are sub-human, and so they do not have essential human rights. They are different, so they are not equals. The term completion is a mechanical interpretation of death; it implies the clones are machines whose lives are not fulfilled or useful unless they are sacrificing it for the good of normal humans. Language, as a component of the culture of the book, is used to manipulate public opinion and discredit the claims of those who are suffering. Because the culture has been shaped to approve this activity, the people of that society are trained not to question the nature of the activity. The fact that the argument that clones are sub-human is not based on any behavioral evidence does not bother the society which benefits from the lie. The society within the book is willing to live in dishonesty as long as it is comfortable. In order to make the plight of the clones more personal to the reader and consequently criticize modern society, Ishiguro utilizes mirroring of behavior within her story. Within Hailsham exists the Exchange system, in which students trade their crafts and belongings with each other (Ishiguro 390). This aesthetic economy of exchange at Hailsham is not mirrored in the outside world, where the students organs are regarded, precisely as donations' (Marks 349). In this case, the lack of mirroring gives more significance to the sacrifice of the clones; the clones appear to be the only individuals who are giving in a society which seems to like taking. Simply put, the clones are giving up everything for the improvement of the lives of others; they are not being treated fairly. The balance of sacrifice and reward is put into question: Does the severe immorality of the donation system equal out with the benefits of an otherwise healthy society? This question applies to the real world too: Her e and now, in the absence of segregated clones or a system of obligatory organ removal masquerading as voluntary donation, it is almost equally certain that the futures the vast majority of children dream of will not be realized. The organ-donation gulag, tucked away from public view and yet not kept secret, has its obvious real-world counterpart in what we call class (Robbins 292). The reader must ask themselves of the real world: Does the severe immorality of the class system equal out with the benefits of a wealthy upper class? This mirroring is direct and personal; with the realization of this reflection, the reader is taken from his seat of objectivity and placed in the figurative hot seat. Ishiguros novel forces readers, especially those of wealth or living in the western world, to question their own position in life, and their sources of contentment. Ishiguro, in a way, puts the reader through a journey of emotional maturity as they learn to sympathize with a powerless and oppressed minority. Contemporary readers need to read the perspective of the clones and see the mirroring of the clones with the humans, as well as the society in the novel with real life society; they need to be completely immersed in the story in order to fully sympathize with the clones and make the connection between the clones as an oppressed minority and real-life oppressed minorities. The combination of the breaking of the binary, the humanization of the clones, and the uncanny nature of the clones creates discomfort for the reader, forcing them to critically consider their own biases. Specifically, that perhaps Ishiguros depiction of passive clones is not an attack at the oppressed who do no t fight, but a poignant appeal to the oppressors to consider the effects of their actions. Additionally, Ishiguro argues that distancing the mind from unpleasant oppression with tainted language and false argument does not make the systematic oppression any less tragic. Finally, instead of turning the tables on the reader by making the story of oppression a personal one, Ishiguro turns the figurative scales, forcing the reader to question the value of his own happiness in the balance of sacrifice and gain. Ultimately, it is the uncanny nature of the novel which grants it appeal and melancholy nature- The world we are presented with is disturbingly similar to our own, and crucially, the practice of harvesting has become a largely unspoken but widely recognized fact of life, drawing parallels with the everyday human injustices witnessed in contemporary culture (Mcdonald 76). Never Let Me Go is a call to action, with the unhopeful underlying understanding that it is the oppressors who are most in need of changing, yet it is the oppressors who will keep perpetuating a cycle of oppression as long as they are reaping the benefits.

Information and Communication Management of the Radio Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2297 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Information and Communication Management of Radio Industry EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Information and Communication Management of the Radio Industry" essay for you Create order Executive Summary i Introduction 1.1 Beginning of Radio Broadcasting in New Zealand 4 2.0 Analysis 2.1 Porters 5 Forces Analysis 8 2.2 Turning negative ICTs to Positive 11 2.3 Value Chain of Radio Industry 2.4 ICTs to Connect Linkages 23 3.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 24 4.0 References 25 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Beginning of Radio Broadcasting in New Zealand Radio broadcasting first came about in New Zealand in 1921. The occurrence happened in Wellington with an unlicensed transmission of recordings. Soon after, the first licensed radio broadcast occurred with the transmissions of concerts of a Professor from Otago University (Radio Spectrum Management, 2014). Therefore, it can be said that the first radio broadcastings in New Zealand were all transmitted by random individuals. It was not until 1922, when private radio stations were established with the accompaniment of the government. From then till 1930s, the private radio broadcasting industry flourished in the country. 1.1 Industry description 2.0 ANALYSIS 2.1 Porters 5 Forces In order to determine and achieve the competitive advantage, Michael E. Porter developed five competitive forces in a business environment that has a direct or indirect impact on the organization (Hill Jones, 2007). The fiv e forces Model of Porter divided entities into five groups as Threat of new entrant Competitive rivalry Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining of suppliers Threat of substitutes According to Porter, the higher the impact of the force, the more dangerous it is for the organization. The organization needs to find the negative forces and convert them to positive using strategies and ICT tools. All these forces can be changed, depends on the condition of industry (Hill Jones, 2007). Source Hill Jones, 2007 Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s defines an industry as a group of firms producing and marketing products which are close substitutes for each other. In order to achieve an effective strategy, it is imperative to assess the industry. This is done using 10 steps. Identify competitors Identify buyers Identify suppliers Identify substitutes Identify new entrants Understand the relationship between competitors and buyers Understand the relationship between companies and suppliers Rivalry Threat of substitutes Threat of new entrants Using the ten steps mentioned above, we can analyze the radio industry in New Zealand as below: 2.2 Turning Negative ICTs to Positive ICT (Information and Communications Technology) takes a big part in the firm to develop in order to succeed in business. More than half of total expense is invested in ICT strategic planning. Sometimes it is hard to differentiate ICT and IT, but ICT has broader range than IT, it defines all the communication technology in life. All sorts of communication method such as broadcasting, social network, telecommunication and so on, are include in ICT. (Tech term, 2010) To have positive effect, the ICT should lift up profitability of industry. When it is well planned it also brings reducing of company expenses. ICT has an important job to analyze current business and to ensure the goal of the business reaching not only in short term but in long term. While ICT planning, Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s five forces model defines market situat ion well, also is a good tool to evaluate competitive position in industry. Among the 5 forces of Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, 4 forces are marked as negative forces and hereinafter suggested how ICT will turns it into positive effect. Rivalry There are many selections on Radio station for customer to choose. One good thing is that it has classified into various genres such as pop music, classic music, childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, entertainment, news, comedy and so on. Hence the range of rivalry is narrower than all in same genre, yet there are still few selections to select. It needs differentiation to be able to have more attraction from the Radioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s audience. A strategy that can be adapted in entertainment genre is that famous pop star or movie starà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s invitation. Their voice through Radio would attract the audience a lot also highly competitive compare to other channels that is on air at the same time. Radio channel can make an application which can easily operate in smart phone. The application is not only including the signal of itself, but also chat option for listener to comment. This application will lead more customer loyalty, as the smart phone is essential part in our lives it will make it all easy to connect to channel. More participants of audience will also make customer to stay together with same radio channel. For example, phone connecting between audience and Radio disc jockey. More participants of general people can attract more audience and it is eventually competitiveness. Bargaining power of buyers In Radio industry as well as most of industries, bargaining power of buyers will effect as negative. The buyers are who want to advertise in Radio channels. Top high ranking advertisers always have to find a spot for their advertisement in one of the radio channels. As mentioned in above sector, if the radio channel made an application it can make a positive effect and competitive. Advertiser a lso can make advertisement on the application so that people who connect to Radio through smart-phone can pass through it. Participation of general audience in the broadcasting, the brand can have more opportunity to advertise. For the gift that audience to receive would be the brand and it will announce it by Disc jockey. More of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s participation event would make more positive effect on this bargaining power of buyer. Bargaining power of suppliers In the Radio station, it requires numbers of expensive equipment to broadcast in New Zealand land-wide. The Supply power is negative to be powerful. To make this into positive, aiming not only for bargaining power of supplier, radio can broadcast simultaneously with video. Watch through video and listen to radio at the same time. Viewing of the whole radio station booth can expose the equipment and system. Threat of Substitutes Negative effect is made with threat of substitutes. The biggest substit utes would be the broadcasting on Television. By visual effect, the audiences are far more attracted in Television than audio effect of Radio. Almost every benefit that Radio offers is also on television. However the Radio has its advantage for people who drives on the road while tripping or elders who stays at home and turn on the Radio habitually. Especially people who travel a lot and spend time a lot in the car, tend to turn on the radio and listen to their favourite channel. It is certain that even if the television is far more loved by people, it can make a difference depending on occasion. And this is why advertiser still has to look into Radio advertising. Simultaneous combined broadcasting by video and audio is helpful to make this sector positive as well. Radio is normally not exposed to listener but this occasion people can view the radio booth that they have listened. With this, it has more powerful competitiveness compare to television and any other substitute. 2. 3 Value Chain of Radio Industry 2.3.1 2.3 ICTs to Connect Linkages The Value Chain analysis would be ineffective if its departments will not have a system to increase its value. In addition, a company or industry that can identify information communication technologies (ICTs) to link and improve each section could further smooth out internal and external operations and thus, increase profits. In the fast-paced changing business environment, we have identified below some ICTs to improve the linkages of the sections. ICT 1: Connecting directly to Mobile devices companies and application developers Connect Marketing/ Sales to After-sales support As industry borders are fast blurring e.g. the camera and mobile phone industries are merging, cars are being developed to fly, etc., the broadcasting industry should be prepared to merge with other technological advancements as well. As such, the New Zealand Radio Broadcast industry, particularly the companies operating in it , should also improve and develop ways to reach their target customers. The radio broadcast industry could possibly make tie ups with leading technology companies like Apple and Samsung to create built-in applications for transmitting radiowave frequencies directly to smart phones. Radio companies could also create exclusive tie-ups with Smartphone application developers like Clear Channel Communications. This company developed an application called iHeartRadio that streamed live radio broadcasts from different radio stations to mobile devices (Pearlson et al., 2013). By doing this, the industry could extend their reach of target customers who prefer to use their mobile devices. Thereby, companies would be also convinced to advertise through live radio streaming in mobile devices. ICT 2: Connecting directly to Telecommunications companies (Telcos) Connect Marketing/ Sales to After-sales support In addition to the previous ICT, radio companies could also employ technologi es that could free-up its dependency on radiowave signals. In short, radio broadcast industry should also look at mobile phone signals if it would be able to transmit live radio through it. Signing up exclusive contracts or partnering with Telecommunications companies like Vodafone, Telecom, etc. could improve its market reach and as such, advertising/ sales could pick up as well. ICT 3: Intranet database for employees and an Online Recruitment process Connect Human Resource activities to all Primary and other support activities An intranet-based data system with employee details could improve the value chain of the industry. By having this system, HR department could fully see the organizational structure of the company. It gives the HR a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“whole and complete pictureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the company employees from top to bottom. In addition, vacant positions could also be offered internally first to interested active employees before posting it online. The onlin e recruitment system could essentially speed up the recruitment process. By using an online recruitment system, HR could easily filter applicants who could fit the vacant position. The company could also advertise in online recruitment websites to spread the word about the vacant position. Thus, it would save the company a lot of time and money to recruit the right people for the job. ICT 4: Online system for Radio program schedule Connect Outbound logistics to Marketing/ sales Marketing/ sales would not be able to function well if they would not know the radio program schedule that will be aired. As such, the radio program schedule should be always accessible for marketing/ sales personnel and to do this the outbound logistics has to update the schedules all the time. In so doing, creating an online system to coordinate the radio program schedule between the two departments can increase productivity. As such, marketing/ sales personnel who are out on field work could easil y go to clients and use the online radio program schedule on their client meetings. Better yet, companies could also directly use the online radio program schedule to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“buyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  airtime in radio broadcasting to advertise their products. Inbound logistics - operations - Outbound logistics - mktg/sales - After-sales support stage ICT 5: System to capture audience information Connect Inbound logistics to After-sales support Knowing your target audience is an important part in the radio broadcasting industry. As such, supporting the linkage between Inbound logistics and After-sales support should be cyclical and must be supported with an ICT. Creating a technology that could capture the audience information much like market surveys do will be critical in order for the company to develop the information that the radio company will use for its programming. For example, an online or computer system could be developed to get the listener information such that future programming schedules of radio companies could depend on those information to capture more of the listenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wants/ demands. 3.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Industry borders are blurring in this new millennium and companies should exercise full caution and outlook in the future. We have seen that the effects of technology in business today and as such, it is critical for the companies to adapt and change accordingly. By adapting different ICT strategies, the New Zealand Radio Broadcast industry and particularly the radio companies in it, could remain in business well into the future. Utilizing the appropriate ICT and implementing it in a well-developed plan can defend against the other forces in the Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five forces analysis. As such, management should firstly analyze the whole radio broadcast industry to identify the forces that is challenging it. Afterwards, implementing concrete and logical actions i.e. ICTs strategies should negate and change the negative forces into positives that may result in favor of the company. In addition, the ICTs that the company/ industry should implement should be in accordance with the overall business strategy. An ICT plan would be ineffective if it will not be supported by top management specially if it requires a long period of time to implement and needs huge budgeting. The ICT should be planned extensively and should really produce the desired outcomes that are needed to improve the company. In addition, the ICT should not just link the factors in the value chain but improve and create a sustainable growth in it. Otherwise, inappropriate ICT could just result to negative effects i.e. wasted money/investment and time. Managers should be also mindful that these ICTs are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“changesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that can impact both internal and external stakeholders. The ICTs should implement organizational change strategies like Lewinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Calm Wate r Metaphor (Unfreeze, Change Refreeze) to implement the ICTs and make the stakeholders more receptive to the change. With this, radio companies and the whole New Zealand Radio broadcast industry itself could further exist successfully into the future. 4.0 REFERENCES Hill,C.W., Jones,G.R. (2008).Strategic management: An integrated approach. Boston, 8: Houghton Mifflin. Pearlson, K.E. Saunders, C.S. (2013). Managing using information systems: a strategic approach (5th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Radio Spectrum Management. (2014, December 8). New Zealand Radiocommunications History | Radio Spectrum Management. Retrieved from https://www.rsm.govt.nz/about-rsm/who-is-radio-spectrum-management/new-zealand-radiocommunications-history TechTerms. (2010, January 4). ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) Definition. Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/ict 1 | Page

Essay about Obesity and Fast Food - 1324 Words

Many people in the United States believe that if it weren’t for fast food restaurants, they would not be overweight. People have even sued McDonald’s for their weight problem. While fast food may be one of the contributors to the obesity epidemic, it surely doesn’t stand alone. There are many more reasons why people living in the United States are overweight. Some of these reasons include problems within the school systems, peer pressure, education, and even just where a person lives. It’s clear fast food restaurants are part of the problem; look around and you see that they are everywhere. Just take a short drive down Cypress Avenue in Redding and you will drive past no fewer than eight fast food restaurants and three convenience†¦show more content†¦When a student only has twenty minutes to stand in a long line just to get their lunch and then find a place to eat it, many students will choose to forgo the line and just grab a quick snack and a soda from the vending machines. 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Equally, there has been an exponential increase in the number of obese people over the same period, turning obesity into a public health problem in the US and most developed nations (Egger and Boyd 25). HenceRead MoreFast Food Is The Reason For Obesity955 Words   |  4 PagesFast food is the reason to blame for obesity. Food made and prepared in a matter of minutes should certainly raise some flags. ---- Roberto De Vogli states in â€Å"†globesization’: ecological evidence on the relationship between fast food outlets and obesity among 26 advanced economies† that â€Å" the diffusion of ‘fast food restaurants’ resulting from rapid global market integration (Hawkes 2009) and trade liberalization policies (Thow and Hawkes 2009) seems to b e one of the key contributing factors behindRead MoreFast Food Restaurants And Obesity1528 Words   |  7 PagesDo fast food restaurants contribute to obesity in America? One out of every four Americans stop by to eat fast food daily. Many people may not know this, but you would have to walk seven straight hours to burn off a super sized Coke, fry, and Big Mac. Sixty percent of all Americans are either overweight or obese. Did you also know that some fast food restaurants sell more toys than Toys-R-Us? Fast food restaurants contribute to obesity in America by promoting time-saving eating options, using celebritiesRead MoreFast Food Obesity Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years, fast food is becoming more and more of an outlet for many people that are short on change, in a rush but still need to grab a bite to eat, or even who are just too lazy to cook a meal. Fast food is very cheap, yet when we eat it we don’t necessarily realize the price we pay when we are starting to gain weight. Who is to blame? The person that is addicted to fast food, or the fast food restaurants? I agree fast food is cheap, yet delicious. I understand th at it may get addicting

Members of the House of Representatives

There are 435 members of the House of Representatives. Federal law, passed on Aug. 8, 1911, determines how many members are in the House of Representatives. That measure raised the number of representatives to 435 from 391 because of population growth in the United States.   The first House of Representatives in 1789 had only 65 members. The number of seats in the House was expanded to 105 members after the 1790 Census, and then to 142 members after the 1800 headcount. The law that set the current number of seats at 435 took effect in 1913. But it isnt the reason the number of representatives has been stuck there. Why There Are 435 Members   Theres really nothing special about that number. Congress regularly increased the number of seats in the House based on the nations population growth from 1790 to 1913, and 435 is the most recent count. The number of seats in the House has not been increased in more than a century, though, even though every 10 years the census shows the population of the United States grows. Why the Number of House Members Hasnt Changed Since 1913 There are still 435 members of the House of Representatives a century later because of the  Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929, which set that number in stone. The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 was the result of a battle between rural and urban areas of the United States following the 1920 Census. The formula for distributing seats in the House based on population favored urbanized states and penalized smaller rural states at the time, and Congress could not agree on a reapportionment plan. After the 1910 census, when the House grew from 391 members to 433 (two more were added later when Arizona and New Mexico became states), the growth stopped. That’s because the 1920 census indicated that the majority of Americans were concentrating in cities, and nativists, worried about of the power of foreigners, blocked efforts to give them more representatives, wrote Dalton Conley, a professor of sociology, medicine and public policy at New York University, and Jacqueline Stevens, a professor of political science at Northwestern University. So, instead, Congress passed the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 and sealed the number of House members at the level established after the 1910 census, 435. Number of House Members Per State Unlike the U.S. Senate, which consists of two members from each state, the geographic makeup of the House is determined by the population of each state. The only stipulation spelled out in the U.S. Constitution comes in Article I, Section 2, which guarantees each state, territory or district at least one representative. The Constitution also states that there can be no more than one representative in the House for every 30,000 citizens. The number of representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives is based on population. That process, known as reapportionment, occurs every 10 years after the decennial population count conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Rep. William B. Bankhead of Alabama, an opponent of the legislation, called the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 an abdication and surrender of vital fundamental powers. One of the functions of Congress, which created the census, was to adjust the number of seats in Congress to reflect the number of people living in the United States, he said. Arguments for Expanding the Number of House Members Advocates  for increasing the number of seats in the House say such a move would increase the quality of representation by reducing the number of constituents each lawmaker represents. Each House member now represents about 700,000 people. The group ThirtyThousand.org argues that the framers of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights never intended for the population of each congressional district to exceed 50,000 or 60,000. The principle of proportionally equitable representation has been abandoned, the group argues. Another argument for increasing the size of the House is that is would diminish the influence of lobbyists. That line of reasoning assumes that lawmakers would be more closely connected to their constituents and therefore less likely to listen to special interests. Arguments Against Expanding the Number of House Members Advocates for shrinking the size of the House of Representatives often argue that the quality of legislating improves because House members would get to know each other on a more personal level. They also cite the cost of paying for salaries, benefits, and travel for not only the lawmakers but their staffs.

Failures of Internet Censorship Essay - 1890 Words

Internet censorship is the use of filters or ‘blocks’ to control what is published, access and viewed across the internet. It is used by parents, organisations such as schools and corporations and governments to restrict what their citizen’s access and post online. Internet censorship has occurred since the early days of the public internet, where governments around the world have attempted to address the issue of illegal material, political propaganda, harmful material or content deemed unsuitable for children. This essay will discuss the instances of internet censorship failing to work, including when governments have attempted to introduce legislation to restrict access to the internet, and the reasons for the failure. Censorship across†¦show more content†¦In this particular instance, internet censorship failed to work to some extent due to the cooperation of combined companies and government. However, other techniques are used in order to restrict se arch engine results. Governments use different techniques to censor and restrict the internet. As stated previously the Great Firewall of China, also known as the Golden Shield Project is considered the advanced Internet censorship regime in the world and the largest in the world. The Chinese Government utilises many techniques in the filtering and restriction of content. The most common techniques are IP Blocking, DNS filtering and redirection, URL filtering, Packet filtering and Connection reset . In light of these filtering and censorship methods, citizens of china have managed to circumvent their government’s censorship by accessing the internet through proxies and VPN’s. A proxy re-routs a users’ request via another server, so that it appears that the request is coming from that server. The website being access sends the data back to the proxy and the proxy forwards it to the user. The proxy will only secure traffic via the internet browser. Unlike a Proxy, a VPN encrypts all tr affic, not just the web browser. Programs like TOR (The Onion Router) are designed to allow users to navigate around the firewall and encrypt their traffic. With programs such as TOR, Ultrasurf and Freegate (just to name a few) residents in China have beenShow MoreRelatedStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or classifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead More Cyberspace Hate Propaganda and Internet Censorship Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesCyberhate - Hate Propaganda and Internet Censorshi p The Internet is an ideal medium for hate groups, such as neo-Nazis, because of the mass exposure, inexpensiveness, uncensored nature and ease of publishing offered. The Internet allows hate groups to target a broad audience: impressionable children are the most vulnerable. Attempts at censorship fail because of the international nature of the Internet, and to a lesser extent, free speech contentions. Instead, the freedom of speech exercisedRead MoreIs Censorship By Government Justified?1497 Words   |  6 Pages1104 28 April 2015 Is censorship by government justified? Censorship has been broadly connected with the media from last couple of decades. These subject is all that much dubious and present in every single key zone of public expression, which commonly go under the civil argument from every community throughout the world. There are numerous articles composed on the subject of censorship and we will talk about the contentions in distinctive articles and its dependability. Censorship, the concealment ofRead MoreEssay about Google in China683 Words   |  3 PagesWhere is the company most vulnerable, from a communications standpoint? Google entered China in 2006 with high hopes of taking over the Chinese internet market. In order to become a major player for internet search engines in China, however, they had buckled and filtered search results according to the Chinese government. When Google.cn was launched, a loud public outcry over its giving in to the Chinese government on censoring and filtering search engine results, the company faced a communicationsRead MoreGoogles Failure in China1279 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Marketing Google’s failure in China TABLE OF CONTENT Table of content 2 Abstract 3 Critical Analysis 3 The key issues and the lessons 5 Conclusion 6 References 7 Abstract It has been 9 years since Google entered China Market officially, and 5 years since Google established Google China. Despite having a brand value of an amazing $66.4 billion, Google.cn still fails to dominate the search engine market in mainland China and faces stiffRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Universal Declaration and are fully dedicated to upholding the rights of the citizens, the government, and the overall welfare of their nation. While the government is often dealt a difficult hand with defining the boundaries of censorship, the idea of censorship is impermissible. The line between restricting and not restricting opinions becomes unclear when the universal right to free speech coincides with the basic rights of other citizens or openly threatens the balance of the state. OpinionsRead MoreSocial Media and Democratic Reform868 Words   |  4 PagesJasmine Revolution of Tunisia and the Jasmine Revolution of China. B) How social media affected the outcomes of both of the revolutions. 1) Social Media was the leading force in Tunisia 2) Social Media did not win the Chinese Revolution (a) Censorship of media held back the potential revolution (b) Government Security prevented protests. C) â€Å"A new generation, well educated, connected, inspired by universal values and a global understanding, has created a new reality for us. We have found a newRead MorePublic Participation and Internet Regulation1432 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing emphasis in recent years. Interestingly, the emergence of the concepts of â€Å"e-governance†, â€Å"e-government† and â€Å"e-democracy† reflects the increasing connection of online tools such as the Internet with the concept of public participation (Freeman, 2013). Does governmental regulation of the Internet necessarily not promote public participation then? I think not; to my mind, there are two different kinds of regulation – â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† regulation, implemented with the purpose of promotingRead MoreRe-Interpreting Internet Activism: A Study of Its Relationship with the Nature of State Introduction1130 Words   |  5 Pagesof protests mobilised through social net works, the Internet is coming to be seen either as a force of liberation or as the new generation’s â€Å"cyber-utopia†, creating unfounded optimism and hopes of emancipation. The former view claims that social networks play a key role in shaping debates about protests and in spreading democratic ideas around the globe (especially in the case of Arab Spring).The latter view advocates that the role of internet has been exaggerated in the narratives of these protestsRead MoreInternet Censorship in China Essay1997 Words   |  8 Pagesin the world. At February 11 Egypt president MubÄ rak stepped down from president. Egypt people finally won the competition. The Internet played an import role in the Egypt revolution. The first message was posted on twitter which says â€Å"January 25 is the Police day of Egypt; let’s get to Tahrir Square to express our ideas.† Even though Egypt government shut down the Internet, it did not stop people. Western Companies p rovided services of posting Twitter through telephone. Maybe the Chinese communist

International Business Entry Modes Free Essays

Introduction An international entry mode is an institutional agreement necessary for the entry of a company’s products, technology and human capital into a foreign country or market. The reluctance of firms to change entry modes once they are in place, and the difficulty involved in doing so, make the mode of entry decision a key strategic issue for firms operating in today’s rapidly internationalizing market place. The choice of mode will depend on internal characteristics (eg firm size, international experience) and external characteristics (eg the sociocultural distance between the host country and the home country) as well as the trade-off between desired mode characteristics (risk adverse, control and flexibility). We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Entry Modes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The diagram below conveys 3 broad categories of modes of entry, and their fundamental trade offs. Further to the issues discussed above, no matter which of three of the export modes the manufacturer uses in a market, it is important to think about what level of ‘mindshare’ the manufacturer occupies in the mind of the export partner, as there has been a strong proven correlation between mindshare levels and how willing the export intermediary is to place on company brand in front of another, or how likely the intermediary is to defect. Good mind share will depend on scoring well across the three drivers of commitment and trust, collaboration and mutuality of interest common purpose. Export Modes Baring in mind the factors discussed above we will now review the different types of entry modes, beginning with export modes, as they are typically the modes used in initial entry to international markets, as they require a lower financial investment than other modes and can be viewed as a ‘toe in the water; for in experienced and smaller firms or where there may be risks (eg political, economic environmental) preventing FDI. The three major types of exporting are indirect, direct and cooperative. Indirect export modes are modes in which the exporting manufacturer uses independent organizations located in a producer’s country, they include the use of an export buying agent, a broker, an export house, a trading company, or a piggyback. Indirect export modes may be appropriate for firms with limited- rather than long term- international expansion objectives. For example, if international sales are primarily used as a means of disposing of surplus production. The lack of contact with firms abroad will provide limited information to develop a plan for international expansion. In the use of such modes, there is limited control over the marketing mix (other than product). A direct export mode may be more appropriate in gaining a little more control, in which the manufacturer sells directly to an importer, agent or distributor in the foreign target market. The local party will bring the advantage of existing distribution networks, and will provide good local market knowledge. However, a company must be careful in entering into contracts as they can be difficult and costly to terminate, and can go wrong when there is a conflict in interests (e. . it may sell rivals goods or competing product lines). Similarly, there is a serious disincentive for the agent/distributor in that if it performs well and develops the market, it risks being replaced by a subsidiary of the principal. Intermediate modes As a firm gradually evolves towards more foreign based operations, Intermediate modes will become more suitable modes of entry. This will likely include firms possessi ng some sort of competitive advantage that are unable to exploit this advantage because of resource constraints. Intermediate modes take the form of contract manufacturing, licencing, franchising, a joint venture or a strategic alliance. Contract manufacturing- where manufacturing is contracted to an external foreign partner provides a low risk and potentially low cost mode of entry. Benetton and Ikea are a good example of companies who successfully rely on a contractual network of small overseas manufacturers. Benetton has over 80% of its production outsourced to 450 contractors (located in low cost production countries such as India and China). As a result of the money saved on labour, Benetton can sell products 20% cheaper, helping it to maintain a low cost position in comparison to competitors. Of course, this method may not be appropriate for every company as there is a loss of knowledge and intellectual property rights, and the transaction costs involved must also be considered. Licensing differs from contract manufacturing in that more value chain functions have been transferred to the licensee. In outsourcing production and downstream activities a licensor irm can concentrate on its core competences and therefore will remain technologically superior in its product development- for example Apple licenses its brand to manufacturers of accessory products, and the BBC licenses rights to broadcast TV shows around the world. However a lack of control over licensor operations and therefore quality may lead a company to use franchising (a sub variant of licensing) in which the franchisor gives a right to the franchisee agains t a payment, EG a right to use a total business concept/system, including the use of trademarks/brands, against some agreed royalty. Franchising not only provides a greater degree of control than licensing, but It can also be seen as low cost and low risk as the franchise are the ones investing in the necessary equipment and know-how. This entry mode has been seen to generate great successes for companies such as McDonalds who now franchises 25000 restaurants globally. However, it should be noted that there is still a lack of full control over franchisee’s operations, which can result in problems with cooperation, communications, quality control etc, and a risk of damage to the company’s international reputation if some franchisees underperform (‘’free-riding’’). Another intermediary mode that will allow greater control is a joint venture, in which 2 ‘parent’ companies create a new ‘child’ company. This high degree of control and local knowledge is a clear advantage of such an entry mode. The shared knowledge and resources gained through a JV as compared with wholly owned subsidiaries will bring many advantages such as economies of scale. However of course there is a loss of confidentiality and flexibility, and the use of double management will raise questions about how the company is split- 50/50? If 50/50, it is difficult for the board to make decisions, if at all! Hierarchical modes of entry allow the highest degree of control for a firm, while at the same time, the highest degree of risk as the firm completely owns and controls the foreign entry mode. To have a wholly owned subsidiary a firm can either acquire an existing company (acquisition) or build on its own operations from scratch (greenfield/brownfield investment). An acquisition will provide rapid entry, access to distribution channel, an existing customer base. This may be the only feasible way of establishing a base in the host country in saturated markets, or where there are substantial entry barrier and therefore little room for a new entrant. Of course, as with intermediary modes, there is the issue of contracts, negotiation and the different management styles between companies. If difficulties (eg no appropriate acquisition) are encountered with acquisitions, it may lead firms to prefer to establish greenfield (new facility) and brownfield (existing facilities) operations. Out of the two- greenfield is seen as an advantageous option because the new plant will involve the latest technology and equipment, avoiding the problem of trying to change the traditional practices of an established concern. Although this is a big investment for a company involving slow entry into the foreign market, the returns are long term and the firm has control over the entire operation. Conclusion It cannot be stated categorically which alternative is the best. There are many internal and external conditions which affect this choice and it should be emphasized that a manufacturer wanting to engage in global marketing may use more than one of these methods at the same time (Petersen and Welch, 2002). Such ‘mode packages’ may take the form of a concerted use of several operation modes in an integrated, complementary way. Zara is a good example of this- in markets where the hierarchical model is used, there is high growth potential and relative low sociocultural distance between the home country of Spain and target market. The intermediate modes (usually joint venture and franchising) are mainly used in countries where the sociocultural distance is relatively high. For example in 1999, Zara entered into a 50-50 JV with the German firm OTTO Versand, which had experience in the distribution sector and market knowledge in one of Europe’s largest markets, Germany. Whereas franchising is used by Zara in high risk countries which are socio-culturally distant or have small markets which allow sales forecast such as Andorra, Puerto Rico or the Philippines. How to cite International Business Entry Modes, Essay examples International Business Entry Modes Free Essays Introduction An international entry mode is an institutional agreement necessary for the entry of a company’s products, technology and human capital into a foreign country or market. The reluctance of firms to change entry modes once they are in place, and the difficulty involved in doing so, make the mode of entry decision a key strategic issue for firms operating in today’s rapidly internationalizing market place. The choice of mode will depend on internal characteristics (eg firm size, international experience) and external characteristics (eg the sociocultural distance between the host country and the home country) as well as the trade-off between desired mode characteristics (risk adverse, control and flexibility). We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Entry Modes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The diagram below conveys 3 broad categories of modes of entry, and their fundamental trade offs. Further to the issues discussed above, no matter which of three of the export modes the manufacturer uses in a market, it is important to think about what level of ‘mindshare’ the manufacturer occupies in the mind of the export partner, as there has been a strong proven correlation between mindshare levels and how willing the export intermediary is to place on company brand in front of another, or how likely the intermediary is to defect. Good mind share will depend on scoring well across the three drivers of commitment and trust, collaboration and mutuality of interest common purpose.  Control Key and Word – Text and Graphics. Export Modes Baring in mind the factors discussed above we will now review the different types of entry modes, beginning with export modes, as they are typically the modes used in initial entry to international markets, as they require a lower financial investment than other modes and can be viewed as a ‘toe in the water; for in experienced and smaller firms or where there may be risks (eg political, economic environmental) preventing FDI. The three major types of exporting are indirect, direct and cooperative. Indirect export modes are modes in which the exporting manufacturer uses independent organizations located in a producer’s country, they include the use of an export buying agent, a broker, an export house, a trading company, or a piggyback. Indirect export modes may be appropriate for firms with limited- rather than long term- international expansion objectives. For example, if international sales are primarily used as a means of disposing of surplus production. The lack of contact with firms abroad will provide limited information to develop a plan for international expansion. In the use of such modes, there is limited control over the marketing mix (other than product). A direct export mode may be more appropriate in gaining a little more control, in which the manufacturer sells directly to an importer, agent or distributor in the foreign target market. The local party will bring the advantage of existing distribution networks, and will provide good local market knowledge. However, a company must be careful in entering into contracts as they can be difficult and costly to terminate, and can go wrong when there is a conflict in interests (e. . it may sell rivals goods or competing product lines). Similarly, there is a serious disincentive for the agent/distributor in that if it performs well and develops the market, it risks being replaced by a subsidiary of the principal. Intermediate modes As a firm gradually evolves towards more foreign based operations, Intermediate modes will become more suitable modes of entry. This will likely include firms possessi ng some sort of competitive advantage that are unable to exploit this advantage because of resource constraints. Intermediate modes take the form of contract manufacturing, licencing, franchising, a joint venture or a strategic alliance. Contract manufacturing- where manufacturing is contracted to an external foreign partner provides a low risk and potentially low cost mode of entry. Benetton and Ikea are a good example of companies who successfully rely on a contractual network of small overseas manufacturers. Benetton has over 80% of its production outsourced to 450 contractors (located in low cost production countries such as India and China). As a result of the money saved on labour, Benetton can sell products 20% cheaper, helping it to maintain a low cost position in comparison to competitors. Of course, this method may not be appropriate for every company as there is a loss of knowledge and intellectual property rights, and the transaction costs involved must also be considered. Licensing differs from contract manufacturing in that more value chain functions have been transferred to the licensee. In outsourcing production and downstream activities a licensor irm can concentrate on its core competences and therefore will remain technologically superior in its product development- for example Apple licenses its brand to manufacturers of accessory products, and the BBC licenses rights to broadcast TV shows around the world. However a lack of control over licensor operations and therefore quality may lead a company to use franchising (a sub variant of licensing) in which the franchisor gives a right to the franchisee agains t a payment, EG a right to use a total business concept/system, including the use of trademarks/brands, against some agreed royalty. Franchising not only provides a greater degree of control than licensing, but It can also be seen as low cost and low risk as the franchise are the ones investing in the necessary equipment and know-how. This entry mode has been seen to generate great successes for companies such as McDonalds who now franchises 25000 restaurants globally. However, it should be noted that there is still a lack of full control over franchisee’s operations, which can result in problems with cooperation, communications, quality control etc, and a risk of damage to the company’s international reputation if some franchisees underperform (‘’free-riding’’). Another intermediary mode that will allow greater control is a joint venture, in which 2 ‘parent’ companies create a new ‘child’ company. This high degree of control and local knowledge is a clear advantage of such an entry mode. The shared knowledge and resources gained through a JV as compared with wholly owned subsidiaries will bring many advantages such as economies of scale. However of course there is a loss of confidentiality and flexibility, and the use of double management will raise questions about how the company is split- 50/50? If 50/50, it is difficult for the board to make decisions, if at all! Hierarchical modes of entry allow the highest degree of control for a firm, while at the same time, the highest degree of risk as the firm completely owns and controls the foreign entry mode. To have a wholly owned subsidiary a firm can either acquire an existing company (acquisition) or build on its own operations from scratch (greenfield/brownfield investment). An acquisition will provide rapid entry, access to distribution channel, an existing customer base. This may be the only feasible way of establishing a base in the host country in saturated markets, or where there are substantial entry barrier and therefore little room for a new entrant. Of course, as with intermediary modes, there is the issue of contracts, negotiation and the different management styles between companies. If difficulties (eg no appropriate acquisition) are encountered with acquisitions, it may lead firms to prefer to establish greenfield (new facility) and brownfield (existing facilities) operations. Out of the two- greenfield is seen as an advantageous option because the new plant will involve the latest technology and equipment, avoiding the problem of trying to change the traditional practices of an established concern. Although this is a big investment for a company involving slow entry into the foreign market, the returns are long term and the firm has control over the entire operation. Conclusion It cannot be stated categorically which alternative is the best. There are many internal and external conditions which affect this choice and it should be emphasized that a manufacturer wanting to engage in global marketing may use more than one of these methods at the same time (Petersen and Welch, 2002). Such ‘mode packages’ may take the form of a concerted use of several operation modes in an integrated, complementary way. Zara is a good example of this- in markets where the hierarchical model is used, there is high growth potential and relative low sociocultural distance between the home country of Spain and target market. The intermediate modes (usually joint venture and franchising) are mainly used in countries where the sociocultural distance is relatively high. For example in 1999, Zara entered into a 50-50 JV with the German firm OTTO Versand, which had experience in the distribution sector and market knowledge in one of Europe’s largest markets, Germany. Whereas franchising is used by Zara in high risk countries which are socio-culturally distant or have small markets which allow sales forecast such as Andorra, Puerto Rico or the Philippines. How to cite International Business Entry Modes, Papers